An Evaluation Is Conducted on a 54-Year-Old Sudanese Immigrant Who

An evaluation is conducted on a 54-year-old Sudanese immigrant who has intermittent dysuria and extensive hematuria for several months. The patient reports that he has no discomfort but passes blood at the conclusion of urine. Erythematous patches can be seen in the bladder mucosa during cystoscopy. The slide below shows the histopathology results of many biopsies collected from the afflicted locations. Which of the following most likely predisposed this patient to his current condition?

A) Chronic urinary tract obstruction
B) Contaminated water exposure
C) Cytotoxic immunosuppressant use
D) Extensive cigarette smoking
E) Urea-splitting bacterial infection

Correct Answer:

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