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Passage Household Cleaners Commonly Contain Either Ammonia (NH3) or Bleach (NaOCl)

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Passage
Household cleaners commonly contain either ammonia (NH3) or bleach (NaOCl) as the principal active ingredient.  Mixing ammonia-based and bleach-based cleaners can be hazardous, as the resulting reactions can form several toxic products.  One of these reactions forms the irritant dichloramine (NHCl2) as follows:
Passage Household cleaners commonly contain either ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) or bleach (NaOCl) as the principal active ingredient.  Mixing ammonia-based and bleach-based cleaners can be hazardous, as the resulting reactions can form several toxic products.  One of these reactions forms the irritant dichloramine (NHCl<sub>2</sub>) as follows: <strong>Reaction 1</strong>The overall reaction has a standard enthalpy change of −55 kJ/mol and a standard entropy change of −150 J/mol·K.  Partial thermodynamic data for formation of Reaction 1 reagents from their elements are shown in Table 1.<strong>Table 1</strong>  Partial Data for Enthalpies, Entropies, and Free Energies of Formation of Several Compounds at 25 °C After it is formed, dichloramine readily enters the gas phase, where it may be inhaled.  In the lungs, dichloramine reacts with water to produce hydrochloric acid and ammonia, as well as reactive oxygen species.  In small doses, these products cause mild irritation, but inhalation of large amounts of chloramines can lead to pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs) and may require medical intervention. Adapted from Trogolo D, Arey JS. Benchmark thermochemistry of chloramines, bromamines, and bromochloramines: halogen oxidants stabilized by electron correlation. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2015;17(5) :3584-98. -Which of the following graphs depicts the expected change in temperature of the reaction mixture over the course of the reaction described in the passage? A) B) C) D) Reaction 1The overall reaction has a standard enthalpy change of −55 kJ/mol and a standard entropy change of −150 J/mol·K.  Partial thermodynamic data for formation of Reaction 1 reagents from their elements are shown in Table 1.Table 1  Partial Data for Enthalpies, Entropies, and Free Energies of Formation of Several Compounds at 25 °C
Passage Household cleaners commonly contain either ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) or bleach (NaOCl) as the principal active ingredient.  Mixing ammonia-based and bleach-based cleaners can be hazardous, as the resulting reactions can form several toxic products.  One of these reactions forms the irritant dichloramine (NHCl<sub>2</sub>) as follows: <strong>Reaction 1</strong>The overall reaction has a standard enthalpy change of −55 kJ/mol and a standard entropy change of −150 J/mol·K.  Partial thermodynamic data for formation of Reaction 1 reagents from their elements are shown in Table 1.<strong>Table 1</strong>  Partial Data for Enthalpies, Entropies, and Free Energies of Formation of Several Compounds at 25 °C After it is formed, dichloramine readily enters the gas phase, where it may be inhaled.  In the lungs, dichloramine reacts with water to produce hydrochloric acid and ammonia, as well as reactive oxygen species.  In small doses, these products cause mild irritation, but inhalation of large amounts of chloramines can lead to pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs) and may require medical intervention. Adapted from Trogolo D, Arey JS. Benchmark thermochemistry of chloramines, bromamines, and bromochloramines: halogen oxidants stabilized by electron correlation. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2015;17(5) :3584-98. -Which of the following graphs depicts the expected change in temperature of the reaction mixture over the course of the reaction described in the passage? A) B) C) D) After it is formed, dichloramine readily enters the gas phase, where it may be inhaled.  In the lungs, dichloramine reacts with water to produce hydrochloric acid and ammonia, as well as reactive oxygen species.  In small doses, these products cause mild irritation, but inhalation of large amounts of chloramines can lead to pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs) and may require medical intervention.
Adapted from Trogolo D, Arey JS. Benchmark thermochemistry of chloramines, bromamines, and bromochloramines: halogen oxidants stabilized by electron correlation. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2015;17(5) :3584-98.
-Which of the following graphs depicts the expected change in temperature of the reaction mixture over the course of the reaction described in the passage?


A) Passage Household cleaners commonly contain either ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) or bleach (NaOCl) as the principal active ingredient.  Mixing ammonia-based and bleach-based cleaners can be hazardous, as the resulting reactions can form several toxic products.  One of these reactions forms the irritant dichloramine (NHCl<sub>2</sub>) as follows: <strong>Reaction 1</strong>The overall reaction has a standard enthalpy change of −55 kJ/mol and a standard entropy change of −150 J/mol·K.  Partial thermodynamic data for formation of Reaction 1 reagents from their elements are shown in Table 1.<strong>Table 1</strong>  Partial Data for Enthalpies, Entropies, and Free Energies of Formation of Several Compounds at 25 °C After it is formed, dichloramine readily enters the gas phase, where it may be inhaled.  In the lungs, dichloramine reacts with water to produce hydrochloric acid and ammonia, as well as reactive oxygen species.  In small doses, these products cause mild irritation, but inhalation of large amounts of chloramines can lead to pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs) and may require medical intervention. Adapted from Trogolo D, Arey JS. Benchmark thermochemistry of chloramines, bromamines, and bromochloramines: halogen oxidants stabilized by electron correlation. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2015;17(5) :3584-98. -Which of the following graphs depicts the expected change in temperature of the reaction mixture over the course of the reaction described in the passage? A) B) C) D)
B) Passage Household cleaners commonly contain either ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) or bleach (NaOCl) as the principal active ingredient.  Mixing ammonia-based and bleach-based cleaners can be hazardous, as the resulting reactions can form several toxic products.  One of these reactions forms the irritant dichloramine (NHCl<sub>2</sub>) as follows: <strong>Reaction 1</strong>The overall reaction has a standard enthalpy change of −55 kJ/mol and a standard entropy change of −150 J/mol·K.  Partial thermodynamic data for formation of Reaction 1 reagents from their elements are shown in Table 1.<strong>Table 1</strong>  Partial Data for Enthalpies, Entropies, and Free Energies of Formation of Several Compounds at 25 °C After it is formed, dichloramine readily enters the gas phase, where it may be inhaled.  In the lungs, dichloramine reacts with water to produce hydrochloric acid and ammonia, as well as reactive oxygen species.  In small doses, these products cause mild irritation, but inhalation of large amounts of chloramines can lead to pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs) and may require medical intervention. Adapted from Trogolo D, Arey JS. Benchmark thermochemistry of chloramines, bromamines, and bromochloramines: halogen oxidants stabilized by electron correlation. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2015;17(5) :3584-98. -Which of the following graphs depicts the expected change in temperature of the reaction mixture over the course of the reaction described in the passage? A) B) C) D)
C) Passage Household cleaners commonly contain either ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) or bleach (NaOCl) as the principal active ingredient.  Mixing ammonia-based and bleach-based cleaners can be hazardous, as the resulting reactions can form several toxic products.  One of these reactions forms the irritant dichloramine (NHCl<sub>2</sub>) as follows: <strong>Reaction 1</strong>The overall reaction has a standard enthalpy change of −55 kJ/mol and a standard entropy change of −150 J/mol·K.  Partial thermodynamic data for formation of Reaction 1 reagents from their elements are shown in Table 1.<strong>Table 1</strong>  Partial Data for Enthalpies, Entropies, and Free Energies of Formation of Several Compounds at 25 °C After it is formed, dichloramine readily enters the gas phase, where it may be inhaled.  In the lungs, dichloramine reacts with water to produce hydrochloric acid and ammonia, as well as reactive oxygen species.  In small doses, these products cause mild irritation, but inhalation of large amounts of chloramines can lead to pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs) and may require medical intervention. Adapted from Trogolo D, Arey JS. Benchmark thermochemistry of chloramines, bromamines, and bromochloramines: halogen oxidants stabilized by electron correlation. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2015;17(5) :3584-98. -Which of the following graphs depicts the expected change in temperature of the reaction mixture over the course of the reaction described in the passage? A) B) C) D)
D) Passage Household cleaners commonly contain either ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) or bleach (NaOCl) as the principal active ingredient.  Mixing ammonia-based and bleach-based cleaners can be hazardous, as the resulting reactions can form several toxic products.  One of these reactions forms the irritant dichloramine (NHCl<sub>2</sub>) as follows: <strong>Reaction 1</strong>The overall reaction has a standard enthalpy change of −55 kJ/mol and a standard entropy change of −150 J/mol·K.  Partial thermodynamic data for formation of Reaction 1 reagents from their elements are shown in Table 1.<strong>Table 1</strong>  Partial Data for Enthalpies, Entropies, and Free Energies of Formation of Several Compounds at 25 °C After it is formed, dichloramine readily enters the gas phase, where it may be inhaled.  In the lungs, dichloramine reacts with water to produce hydrochloric acid and ammonia, as well as reactive oxygen species.  In small doses, these products cause mild irritation, but inhalation of large amounts of chloramines can lead to pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs) and may require medical intervention. Adapted from Trogolo D, Arey JS. Benchmark thermochemistry of chloramines, bromamines, and bromochloramines: halogen oxidants stabilized by electron correlation. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2015;17(5) :3584-98. -Which of the following graphs depicts the expected change in temperature of the reaction mixture over the course of the reaction described in the passage? A) B) C) D)

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