A Case-Control Study Evaluated the Association Between Long-Term Use of a Heartburn

A case-control study evaluated the association between long-term use of a heartburn medication and bladder and colon cancer.  The study enrolled 130 patients with bladder cancer, 130 patients with colon cancer, and 230 patients matched by age and sex with no history of cancer.  All study participants were interviewed and their medical records reviewed for past long-term use of the heartburn medication.  Long-term use of the heartburn medication was found in 30 (23.1%) patients with bladder cancer, in 28 (21.5%) patients with colon cancer, and in 30 (13.0%) patients with no history of cancer.  Based on these results, which of the following is the closest interpretation of the odds ratio (OR) of long-term use of the heartburn medication in patients with bladder cancer relative to patients with no history of cancer?

A) Equal odds of long-term use of heartburn medication in both groups, with OR = 1
B) Higher odds among patients with history of bladder cancer, with OR = 1.5
C) Higher odds among patients with history of bladder cancer, with OR = 2.0
D) Lower odds among patients with history of bladder cancer, with OR = 0.25
E) Lower odds among patients with history of bladder cancer, with OR = 0.5

Correct Answer:

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