In a Selected Study of Bronchogenic Cancer, It Was Found

In a selected study of bronchogenic cancer, it was found that in people smoking 1 pack per day (PPD) of cigarettes, the relative risk (RR) was 2.4.  For those smoking 2 PPD, the RR was 3.0.  For those smoking 3 PPD, the RR was 4.1.  The corresponding p-values for these RRs were all <0.05 with no overlap in the corresponding confidence intervals.  Which of the following statements is true regarding these findings?

A) Cigarette smoking and bronchogenic cancer had a strength of association, but the dose-response relationship was not clear
B) Smoking and bronchogenic cancer did not have strength of association, but had a dose-response relationship
C) Smoking and bronchogenic cancer were weakly associated and did not show a clear dose-response relationship
D) Smoking and bronchogenic cancer had a strong association and a dose-response relationship
E) Smoking and bronchogenic cancer had strength of association but no dose-response relationship

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