A Case-Control Study Was Conducted to Evaluate the Association Between

A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the association between alcohol consumption and cancer of the oral cavity.  The crude analysis showed a strong association between the exposure and outcome: odds ratio = 4.5, 95% confidence interval 3.4-5.6.  Smoking was considered as a potential confounder of the association.  Which of the following properties of smoking is necessary in order for it to be considered as a confounder?

A) It should not be related to cancer of the oral cavity
B) It should be highly prevalent in the population
C) It should be related to alcohol consumption
D) It should be observed only in alcohol consumers
E) It should be evenly distributed among alcohol consumers and nonconsumers

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