A Group of Investigators Conducted a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

A group of investigators conducted a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess the effect of a new aldosterone receptor antagonist on the progression of chronic heart failure.  The primary outcome was all-cause mortality.  A decrease in all-cause mortality in the treatment group was reported, with a relative risk of 0.71 (p = 0.001) .  Which of the following statements is the best interpretation of the reported association?

A) The 95% confidence interval for the relative risk of all-cause mortality includes 1.0
B) There is a 0.1% probability of observing the given relative risk (or more extreme) by chance alone assuming no differences in mortality
C) There is a 71% decrease in all-cause mortality in the new aldosterone receptor antagonist compared to the placebo group
D) There is only a 0.1% chance that the relative risk calculated is biased in favor of the aldosterone receptor antagonist group
E) The results obtained are not statistically significant

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