A 54-Year-Old Man Is Being Evaluated for Exertional Dyspnea That

A 54-year-old man is being evaluated for exertional dyspnea that started 6 months ago.  The patient has no associated cough or wheezing.  There is no known history of heart disease in his family.  ECG, chest x-ray, exercise stress test, and echocardiogram are obtained to evaluate his symptoms.  He subsequently undergoes right and left cardiac catheterization, and the results are as follows: What additional information is necessary to calculate cardiac output in this patient?

A) Arteriovenous difference in oxygen content
B) Oxygen-binding capacity of hemoglobin
C) Percentage of hemoglobin saturation
D) Rate of oxygen consumption
E) Respiratory quotient

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