Researchers Studying Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology Analyze Hundreds of Gastric Mucosal Biopsy

Researchers studying gastrointestinal pathophysiology analyze hundreds of gastric mucosal biopsy specimens taken from patients who underwent endoscopy at a local tertiary care center.  They notice that colonization of the gastric antrum with S-shaped, gram-negative bacteria is associated with a decreased number of somatostatin-producing antral cells.  Depletion of these cells from the gastric antrum is most likely to cause which of the following conditions?

A) Chronic pancreatitis
B) Duodenal ulcers
C) Gastric lymphoma
D) Gastric ulcers
E) Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency

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