A Newborn Boy Is Being Evaluated in the Nursery

A newborn boy is being evaluated in the nursery.  The patient was born at 39 weeks gestation via cesarean delivery to a 30-year-old primigravida.  Head circumference, weight, and length are at the 75th to 90th percentiles.  The anterior fontanelle is open and soft.  The neck is supple.  Cardiopulmonary examination is unremarkable, and the abdomen is soft.  The back appears unremarkable.  Hip examination shows no hip clicks.  Both feet are plantar flexed and adducted with the soles pointing medially.  There is resistance to range of motion assessment in both feet.  Muscle tone is normal and newborn reflexes are intact.  The abnormal findings on this patient's physical examination most likely represent which of the following types of congenital anomalies?

A) Deformation
B) Disruption
C) Dysplasia
D) Malformation
E) Sequence

Correct Answer:

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