An Instrumentation Effect Occurs When

An instrumentation effect occurs when:

A) the instrument employed for the pretest has an effect that shows up on the posttest.
B) the measurement instrument is changed from the pretest to the posttest.
C) there is a change on the dependent variable from the pretest score to the posttest score.
D) the stimulus is changed from the pretest to the posttest.
E) there is a change on the independent variable from the pretest score to the posttest score.

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