Why Is It Difficult to Determine the Causative Agents of Periodontal

Why is it difficult to determine the causative agents of periodontal disease?

A) The agents are fastidious bacteria that cannot be cultured in the laboratory.
B) Identification requires 16S rDNA sequencing and not all bacteria have this gene.
C) The infections are polymicrobial, so multiple species of interacting bacteria are involved.
D) The causative agents are typically viruses, which are difficult to identify.
E) The causative agents are encased in biofilm polysaccharides that cannot be removed.

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