What Are "Demand Characteristics" in Experimental Research

What are "demand characteristics" in experimental research?

A) When neither the subjects nor an assistant helping the experimenter know specifics about the treatment or how hypothesis is being tested.
B) When subjects in a control group "demand" to be treated the same as the subjects receiving the treatment.
C) When an experimenter deceives subjects about the experiment's true nature, then later tells them what it is really about.
D) When subjects pick up clues about the hypothesis of the experiment and change their behavior to do what they think will confirm the experimenter's hypothesis.

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