To Infer a Causal Relationship, Which of the Following Types

To infer a causal relationship, which of the following types of evidence does a researcher need?

A) Evidence of a strong association between an action and an outcome.
B) Evidence that the action preceded the outcome.
C) Evidence of a high level of internal validity.
D) Evidence that there are no strongly competing explanations for the relationship between an action and an outcome.
E) All of these

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