What Is the Essential Element of the "Conscious Parallelism" Defense

What is the essential element of the "conscious parallelism" defense under Section 1 of the Sherman Act?

A) independent action by the parties, without an agreement between the parties
B) knowledge by independent parties of their conduct
C) other parties undertaking actions similar to those agreed-upon by the defendants
D) a pattern of similar violations
E) an injury that cannot be directly traced to the violation

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