Some Herbicides Inhibit the Electron Transport Chain in the Thylakoid

Some herbicides inhibit the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane. Without the movement of electrons, hydrogen ions would not be pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid space and the hydrogen ion gradient would not be established. How would this affect the Calvin cycle reactions?

A) ATP would not be produced and, as a result, the Calvin cycle reactions would not occur.
B) CO₂ would not enter the cell as a result, and the Calvin cycle reactions would not occur.
C) RuBP carboxylase would not function properly, so CO₂ fixation would not occur.
D) Sunlight could no longer be used by the chloroplast, but this would have no effect on the Calvin cycle reactions because they do not require light.
E) Since the Calvin cycle reactions occur in a different part of the chloroplast, there would be no effect.

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